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react-patterns

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Description

Build React frontends with Inertia.js, TypeScript, and modern component patterns. Use when creating React components, Inertia pages, layouts, hooks, context providers, or integrating with a Laravel backend. Covers Inertia.js page components, usePage, useForm, persistent layouts, data fetching, state management, and routing. Triggers on React component, Inertia page, TypeScript types, form handling, layout, or frontend architecture.

Tool Access

This skill uses the workspace's default tool permissions.

Supporting Assets

View in Repository

references/component-architecture.md

references/hooks-patterns.md

references/state-management.md

Skill Content

React Patterns for Laravel + Inertia.js

Inertia.js Architecture Overview

Inertia.js bridges Laravel and React without building a separate API. Instead of returning JSON from controllers, Laravel returns Inertia responses that render React page components with props derived directly from controller data.

How It Works

Laravel controller returns an Inertia response instead of a Blade view:

// app/Http/Controllers/OrderController.php
use Inertia\Inertia;

class OrderController extends Controller
{
    public function index(Request $request): \Inertia\Response
    {
        return Inertia::render('Orders/Index', [
            'orders' => OrderResource::collection(
                Order::query()
                    ->filter($request->only('status', 'search'))
                    ->paginate(15)
            ),
            'filters' => $request->only('status', 'search'),
            'statuses' => OrderStatus::options(),
        ]);
    }
}

React page component receives those props directly:

// resources/js/Pages/Orders/Index.tsx
interface Props {
    orders: PaginatedData<Order>
    filters: OrderFilters
    statuses: SelectOption[]
}

export default function Index({ orders, filters, statuses }: Props) {
    // Full access to server data as typed props
}

No API endpoints needed for page data. Props come from the controller, validated and shaped by Laravel before reaching the frontend.
Client-side navigation without full page reloads. Inertia intercepts link clicks, makes XHR requests, and swaps page components seamlessly.

HandleInertiaRequests Middleware

The HandleInertiaRequests middleware shares data with every page component. This is the Inertia equivalent of Blade's View::share().

// app/Http/Middleware/HandleInertiaRequests.php
class HandleInertiaRequests extends Middleware
{
    public function share(Request $request): array
    {
        return array_merge(parent::share($request), [
            'auth' => [
                'user' => $request->user()
                    ? UserResource::make($request->user())
                    : null,
            ],
            'flash' => [
                'success' => fn () => $request->session()->get('success'),
                'error' => fn () => $request->session()->get('error'),
            ],
            'locale' => app()->getLocale(),
            'permissions' => fn () => $request->user()
                ? $request->user()->getAllPermissions()->pluck('name')
                : collect(),
        ]);
    }
}

Lazy evaluation with closures (fn () =>) ensures shared data is only serialized when actually accessed on the frontend.

Page Component Pattern

Every route maps to exactly one Inertia page component. Pages are the top-level React components that receive controller data as props.

Basic Page Component

import { Head, usePage } from '@inertiajs/react'
import AuthenticatedLayout from '@/Layouts/AuthenticatedLayout'

interface Props {
    orders: PaginatedData<Order>
    filters: OrderFilters
}

export default function Index({ orders, filters }: Props) {
    return (
        <AuthenticatedLayout>
            <Head title="Orders" />

            <div className="py-12">
                <div className="mx-auto max-w-7xl sm:px-6 lg:px-8">
                    <OrderFiltersBar filters={filters} />
                    <OrderTable orders={orders} />
                    <Pagination links={orders.links} />
                </div>
            </div>
        </AuthenticatedLayout>
    )
}

Page with Create/Edit Form

import { Head } from '@inertiajs/react'
import AuthenticatedLayout from '@/Layouts/AuthenticatedLayout'
import OrderForm from '@/Components/Orders/OrderForm'

interface Props {
    order?: Order
    customers: SelectOption[]
    products: SelectOption[]
}

export default function CreateEdit({ order, customers, products }: Props) {
    const isEditing = !!order

    return (
        <AuthenticatedLayout>
            <Head title={isEditing ? `Edit Order #${order.id}` : 'Create Order'} />

            <div className="py-12">
                <div className="mx-auto max-w-3xl sm:px-6 lg:px-8">
                    <OrderForm
                        order={order}
                        customers={customers}
                        products={products}
                    />
                </div>
            </div>
        </AuthenticatedLayout>
    )
}

Page with Detail View and Actions

import { Head, router } from '@inertiajs/react'
import AuthenticatedLayout from '@/Layouts/AuthenticatedLayout'

interface Props {
    order: Order & { customer: Customer; items: OrderItem[] }
    can: {
        update: boolean
        delete: boolean
        approve: boolean
    }
}

export default function Show({ order, can }: Props) {
    function handleDelete() {
        if (confirm('Are you sure you want to delete this order?')) {
            router.delete(route('orders.destroy', order.id))
        }
    }

    function handleApprove() {
        router.post(route('orders.approve', order.id), {}, {
            preserveScroll: true,
        })
    }

    return (
        <AuthenticatedLayout>
            <Head title={`Order #${order.id}`} />

            <div className="py-12">
                <div className="mx-auto max-w-4xl sm:px-6 lg:px-8">
                    <div className="flex items-center justify-between mb-6">
                        <h1 className="text-2xl font-bold">Order #{order.id}</h1>
                        <div className="flex gap-2">
                            {can.approve && (
                                <Button onClick={handleApprove}>Approve</Button>
                            )}
                            {can.update && (
                                <LinkButton href={route('orders.edit', order.id)}>
                                    Edit
                                </LinkButton>
                            )}
                            {can.delete && (
                                <Button variant="danger" onClick={handleDelete}>
                                    Delete
                                </Button>
                            )}
                        </div>
                    </div>

                    <OrderDetails order={order} />
                    <OrderItemsTable items={order.items} />
                </div>
            </div>
        </AuthenticatedLayout>
    )
}

Layout Pattern

Layouts wrap page components and persist across navigations. This prevents remounting shared UI elements (sidebar, header, audio players, etc.) on every page visit.

Persistent Layout

The recommended approach uses the layout static property on page components:

// resources/js/Layouts/AuthenticatedLayout.tsx
import { useState, PropsWithChildren } from 'react'
import { Link, usePage } from '@inertiajs/react'

interface LayoutProps {
    header?: string
}

export default function AuthenticatedLayout({
    header,
    children,
}: PropsWithChildren<LayoutProps>) {
    const { auth } = usePage<SharedProps>().props
    const [sidebarOpen, setSidebarOpen] = useState(false)

    return (
        <div className="min-h-screen bg-gray-100">
            <Sidebar open={sidebarOpen} onClose={() => setSidebarOpen(false)} />

            <div className="lg:pl-72">
                <Header
                    user={auth.user}
                    onMenuClick={() => setSidebarOpen(true)}
                />

                {header && (
                    <header className="bg-white shadow">
                        <div className="mx-auto max-w-7xl px-4 py-6 sm:px-6 lg:px-8">
                            <h2 className="text-xl font-semibold leading-tight text-gray-800">
                                {header}
                            </h2>
                        </div>
                    </header>
                )}

                <main>{children}</main>

                <Footer />
            </div>
        </div>
    )
}

Guest Layout

For unauthenticated pages (login, register, password reset):

// resources/js/Layouts/GuestLayout.tsx
import { PropsWithChildren } from 'react'
import { Link } from '@inertiajs/react'

export default function GuestLayout({ children }: PropsWithChildren) {
    return (
        <div className="flex min-h-screen flex-col items-center bg-gray-100 pt-6 sm:justify-center sm:pt-0">
            <div>
                <Link href="/">
                    <ApplicationLogo className="h-20 w-20 fill-current text-gray-500" />
                </Link>
            </div>

            <div className="mt-6 w-full overflow-hidden bg-white px-6 py-4 shadow-md sm:max-w-md sm:rounded-lg">
                {children}
            </div>
        </div>
    )
}

Sidebar Composition

// resources/js/Components/Navigation/Sidebar.tsx
import { Link, usePage } from '@inertiajs/react'

interface NavItem {
    label: string
    href: string
    icon: React.ComponentType<{ className?: string }>
    active?: boolean
    permission?: string
}

const navigation: NavItem[] = [
    { label: 'Dashboard', href: '/dashboard', icon: HomeIcon },
    { label: 'Orders', href: '/orders', icon: ShoppingCartIcon },
    { label: 'Customers', href: '/customers', icon: UsersIcon },
    { label: 'Products', href: '/products', icon: CubeIcon },
    { label: 'Reports', href: '/reports', icon: ChartBarIcon, permission: 'view-reports' },
]

export default function Sidebar({ open, onClose }: { open: boolean; onClose: () => void }) {
    const { url, props } = usePage<SharedProps>()
    const permissions = props.permissions

    const filteredNav = navigation.filter(
        item => !item.permission || permissions.includes(item.permission)
    )

    return (
        <nav className="fixed inset-y-0 left-0 z-50 w-72 bg-gray-900">
            <div className="flex h-16 items-center px-6">
                <ApplicationLogo className="h-8 w-auto text-white" />
            </div>
            <ul className="space-y-1 px-3">
                {filteredNav.map(item => (
                    <li key={item.href}>
                        <Link
                            href={item.href}
                            className={cn(
                                'flex items-center gap-3 rounded-md px-3 py-2 text-sm font-medium',
                                url.startsWith(item.href)
                                    ? 'bg-gray-800 text-white'
                                    : 'text-gray-400 hover:bg-gray-800 hover:text-white'
                            )}
                        >
                            <item.icon className="h-5 w-5" />
                            {item.label}
                        </Link>
                    </li>
                ))}
            </ul>
        </nav>
    )
}

Form Handling with useForm

Inertia's useForm hook manages form state, submission, validation errors, and processing state in a single unified API.

Basic Form

import { useForm } from '@inertiajs/react'
import { FormEvent } from 'react'

interface OrderFormData {
    customer_id: number | ''
    status: OrderStatus
    notes: string
    items: OrderItemFormData[]
}

export default function OrderForm({ order, customers }: Props) {
    const { data, setData, post, put, processing, errors, reset, isDirty } = useForm<OrderFormData>({
        customer_id: order?.customer_id ?? '',
        status: order?.status ?? 'pending',
        notes: order?.notes ?? '',
        items: order?.items ?? [{ product_id: '', quantity: 1, price: 0 }],
    })

    function handleSubmit(e: FormEvent) {
        e.preventDefault()
        if (order) {
            put(route('orders.update', order.id), {
                onSuccess: () => {
                    // redirect handled by Laravel
                },
            })
        } else {
            post(route('orders.store'), {
                onSuccess: () => reset(),
            })
        }
    }

    return (
        <form onSubmit={handleSubmit} className="space-y-6">
            <div>
                <label htmlFor="customer_id" className="block text-sm font-medium text-gray-700">
                    Customer
                </label>
                <select
                    id="customer_id"
                    value={data.customer_id}
                    onChange={e => setData('customer_id', Number(e.target.value))}
                    className="mt-1 block w-full rounded-md border-gray-300 shadow-sm"
                >
                    <option value="">Select a customer</option>
                    {customers.map(c => (
                        <option key={c.value} value={c.value}>{c.label}</option>
                    ))}
                </select>
                {errors.customer_id && (
                    <p className="mt-1 text-sm text-red-600">{errors.customer_id}</p>
                )}
            </div>

            <div>
                <label htmlFor="notes" className="block text-sm font-medium text-gray-700">
                    Notes
                </label>
                <textarea
                    id="notes"
                    value={data.notes}
                    onChange={e => setData('notes', e.target.value)}
                    rows={3}
                    className="mt-1 block w-full rounded-md border-gray-300 shadow-sm"
                />
                {errors.notes && (
                    <p className="mt-1 text-sm text-red-600">{errors.notes}</p>
                )}
            </div>

            <div className="flex justify-end gap-3">
                <Button type="button" variant="secondary" onClick={() => window.history.back()}>
                    Cancel
                </Button>
                <Button type="submit" disabled={processing || !isDirty}>
                    {processing ? 'Saving...' : order ? 'Update Order' : 'Create Order'}
                </Button>
            </div>
        </form>
    )
}

File Uploads

const { data, setData, post, progress } = useForm<{
    title: string
    document: File | null
}>({
    title: '',
    document: null,
})

function handleSubmit(e: FormEvent) {
    e.preventDefault()
    post(route('documents.store'), {
        forceFormData: true, // required for file uploads
    })
}

return (
    <form onSubmit={handleSubmit}>
        <input
            type="file"
            onChange={e => setData('document', e.target.files?.[0] ?? null)}
        />
        {progress && (
            <progress value={progress.percentage} max="100">
                {progress.percentage}%
            </progress>
        )}
    </form>
)

Form Validation Errors from Laravel

Laravel validation errors are automatically mapped to the errors object. Nested errors for arrays use dot notation:

// Laravel validation
$request->validate([
    'items.*.product_id' => 'required|exists:products,id',
    'items.*.quantity' => 'required|integer|min:1',
]);

// Access in React
errors['items.0.product_id'] // "The items.0.product_id field is required."

Processing State

<Button type="submit" disabled={processing}>
    {processing ? (
        <span className="flex items-center gap-2">
            <Spinner className="h-4 w-4 animate-spin" />
            Saving...
        </span>
    ) : (
        'Save'
    )}
</Button>

Navigation with router

The Inertia router handles client-side navigation, form submissions, and partial page reloads.

Basic Navigation

import { router } from '@inertiajs/react'

// Navigate to a page
router.visit('/orders')

// POST request
router.post('/orders', data)

// PATCH/PUT request
router.patch(`/orders/${id}`, data)

// DELETE request
router.delete(`/orders/${id}`)

Preserve State and Scroll

// Preserve scroll position on reload
router.visit('/orders', {
    preserveScroll: true,
})

// Preserve component state (e.g., open dropdowns)
router.visit('/orders', {
    preserveState: true,
})

// Both are commonly used together for filtering
router.get('/orders', { status: 'active', page: 1 }, {
    preserveState: true,
    preserveScroll: true,
    replace: true, // replace browser history entry
})

Partial Reloads

Only reload specific props instead of the entire page:

router.reload({
    only: ['orders'], // only refresh the orders prop
    onSuccess: () => {
        console.log('Orders refreshed')
    },
})

Link Component

import { Link } from '@inertiajs/react'

<Link
    href={route('orders.show', order.id)}
    className="text-indigo-600 hover:text-indigo-900"
    preserveScroll
>
    View Order #{order.id}
</Link>

// Method links
<Link
    href={route('orders.destroy', order.id)}
    method="delete"
    as="button"
    className="text-red-600"
>
    Delete
</Link>

External Redirects

// For external URLs, use window.location
window.location.href = 'https://external-service.com/callback'

// Inertia will handle redirects from Laravel automatically
// In Laravel controller:
return redirect()->away('https://stripe.com/checkout/...');

Shared Data (usePage)

Access data shared from HandleInertiaRequests middleware on every page.

Typed Shared Props

// resources/js/types/index.d.ts
interface SharedProps {
    auth: {
        user: User | null
    }
    flash: {
        success: string | null
        error: string | null
    }
    locale: string
    permissions: string[]
}

Accessing Shared Data

import { usePage } from '@inertiajs/react'

export default function Header() {
    const { auth, flash } = usePage<SharedProps>().props

    return (
        <header>
            {auth.user && (
                <span>Welcome, {auth.user.name}</span>
            )}
            {flash.success && (
                <Alert variant="success">{flash.success}</Alert>
            )}
            {flash.error && (
                <Alert variant="error">{flash.error}</Alert>
            )}
        </header>
    )
}

Flash Messages Pattern

// resources/js/Components/FlashMessages.tsx
import { usePage } from '@inertiajs/react'
import { useEffect, useState } from 'react'
import { Transition } from '@headlessui/react'

export default function FlashMessages() {
    const { flash } = usePage<SharedProps>().props
    const [visible, setVisible] = useState(false)

    useEffect(() => {
        if (flash.success || flash.error) {
            setVisible(true)
            const timer = setTimeout(() => setVisible(false), 5000)
            return () => clearTimeout(timer)
        }
    }, [flash])

    return (
        <Transition show={visible}>
            {flash.success && (
                <div className="rounded-md bg-green-50 p-4">
                    <p className="text-sm font-medium text-green-800">{flash.success}</p>
                </div>
            )}
            {flash.error && (
                <div className="rounded-md bg-red-50 p-4">
                    <p className="text-sm font-medium text-red-800">{flash.error}</p>
                </div>
            )}
        </Transition>
    )
}

TypeScript Conventions

Page Props Interfaces

Define an interface for every page component's props:

// resources/js/types/models.d.ts
interface User {
    id: number
    name: string
    email: string
    email_verified_at: string | null
    avatar_url: string | null
    created_at: string
    updated_at: string
}

interface Order {
    id: number
    customer_id: number
    status: OrderStatus
    total: number
    notes: string | null
    created_at: string
    updated_at: string
    customer?: Customer
    items?: OrderItem[]
}

type OrderStatus = 'pending' | 'confirmed' | 'processing' | 'shipped' | 'delivered' | 'cancelled'

interface OrderItem {
    id: number
    order_id: number
    product_id: number
    quantity: number
    unit_price: number
    total: number
    product?: Product
}

Global Type Declarations

// resources/js/types/global.d.ts
import { PageProps as InertiaPageProps } from '@inertiajs/core'

declare module '@inertiajs/core' {
    interface PageProps extends InertiaPageProps {
        auth: {
            user: User | null
        }
        flash: {
            success: string | null
            error: string | null
        }
        permissions: string[]
    }
}

PaginatedData Generic Type

// resources/js/types/pagination.d.ts
interface PaginatedData<T> {
    data: T[]
    links: PaginationLinks
    meta: PaginationMeta
}

interface PaginationLinks {
    first: string | null
    last: string | null
    prev: string | null
    next: string | null
}

interface PaginationMeta {
    current_page: number
    from: number | null
    last_page: number
    links: PaginationLink[]
    path: string
    per_page: number
    to: number | null
    total: number
}

interface PaginationLink {
    url: string | null
    label: string
    active: boolean
}

Ziggy Route Types

// resources/js/types/ziggy.d.ts
import { route as ziggyRoute } from 'ziggy-js'

declare global {
    function route(name: string, params?: Record<string, any>, absolute?: boolean): string
    function route(): {
        current: (name?: string) => boolean
    }
}

Select Option and Common UI Types

// resources/js/types/ui.d.ts
interface SelectOption {
    value: string | number
    label: string
    disabled?: boolean
}

interface OrderFilters {
    search?: string
    status?: OrderStatus
    customer_id?: number
    date_from?: string
    date_to?: string
    sort_by?: string
    sort_direction?: 'asc' | 'desc'
}

interface BreadcrumbItem {
    label: string
    href?: string
}

interface TableColumn<T> {
    key: keyof T | string
    label: string
    sortable?: boolean
    render?: (item: T) => React.ReactNode
}

Custom Hooks

useFilters

URL query parameter management for filtering and sorting:

// resources/js/hooks/useFilters.ts
import { router } from '@inertiajs/react'
import { useState, useCallback } from 'react'
import { useDebouncedCallback } from 'use-debounce'

export function useFilters<T extends Record<string, any>>(
    initialFilters: T,
    routeName: string,
) {
    const [filters, setFiltersState] = useState<T>(initialFilters)

    const applyFilters = useCallback((newFilters: Partial<T>) => {
        const merged = { ...filters, ...newFilters }
        setFiltersState(merged as T)

        router.get(route(routeName), merged as Record<string, any>, {
            preserveState: true,
            preserveScroll: true,
            replace: true,
        })
    }, [filters, routeName])

    const debouncedApply = useDebouncedCallback((newFilters: Partial<T>) => {
        applyFilters(newFilters)
    }, 300)

    const resetFilters = useCallback(() => {
        const empty = Object.fromEntries(
            Object.keys(initialFilters).map(key => [key, ''])
        ) as T
        applyFilters(empty)
    }, [initialFilters, applyFilters])

    return {
        filters,
        setFilter: (key: keyof T, value: T[keyof T]) => {
            if (key === 'search') {
                debouncedApply({ [key]: value } as Partial<T>)
            } else {
                applyFilters({ [key]: value } as Partial<T>)
            }
        },
        resetFilters,
    }
}

useConfirmation

// resources/js/hooks/useConfirmation.ts
import { useState, useCallback } from 'react'

interface ConfirmationState {
    isOpen: boolean
    title: string
    message: string
    onConfirm: () => void
}

export function useConfirmation() {
    const [state, setState] = useState<ConfirmationState>({
        isOpen: false,
        title: '',
        message: '',
        onConfirm: () => {},
    })

    const confirm = useCallback((options: {
        title: string
        message: string
        onConfirm: () => void
    }) => {
        setState({ isOpen: true, ...options })
    }, [])

    const close = useCallback(() => {
        setState(prev => ({ ...prev, isOpen: false }))
    }, [])

    const handleConfirm = useCallback(() => {
        state.onConfirm()
        close()
    }, [state.onConfirm, close])

    return { ...state, confirm, close, handleConfirm }
}

useToast

// resources/js/hooks/useToast.ts
import { usePage } from '@inertiajs/react'
import { useEffect, useState } from 'react'

interface Toast {
    id: string
    type: 'success' | 'error' | 'info' | 'warning'
    message: string
}

export function useToast() {
    const { flash } = usePage<SharedProps>().props
    const [toasts, setToasts] = useState<Toast[]>([])

    useEffect(() => {
        if (flash.success) {
            addToast('success', flash.success)
        }
        if (flash.error) {
            addToast('error', flash.error)
        }
    }, [flash])

    function addToast(type: Toast['type'], message: string) {
        const id = crypto.randomUUID()
        setToasts(prev => [...prev, { id, type, message }])
        setTimeout(() => removeToast(id), 5000)
    }

    function removeToast(id: string) {
        setToasts(prev => prev.filter(t => t.id !== id))
    }

    return { toasts, addToast, removeToast }
}

useDebouncedSearch

// resources/js/hooks/useDebouncedSearch.ts
import { router } from '@inertiajs/react'
import { useState, useEffect, useRef } from 'react'

export function useDebouncedSearch(
    initialValue: string,
    routeName: string,
    delay: number = 300,
) {
    const [search, setSearch] = useState(initialValue)
    const isFirstRender = useRef(true)

    useEffect(() => {
        if (isFirstRender.current) {
            isFirstRender.current = false
            return
        }

        const timer = setTimeout(() => {
            router.get(
                route(routeName),
                { search },
                { preserveState: true, preserveScroll: true, replace: true }
            )
        }, delay)

        return () => clearTimeout(timer)
    }, [search, delay, routeName])

    return { search, setSearch }
}

State Management

When Inertia Shared Data Is Enough

Inertia shared data is appropriate for:

User authentication state
Flash messages
Permissions and roles
Application-wide settings (locale, theme)
Navigation items

This data is automatically available on every page with no additional setup.

When to Use React Context

React Context works well for:

Theme toggling (dark/light mode)
Sidebar open/close state across components
Shopping cart (when persistence is via API)
Modal and dialog management
Notification system

// resources/js/Contexts/SidebarContext.tsx
import { createContext, useContext, useState, PropsWithChildren } from 'react'

interface SidebarContextType {
    isOpen: boolean
    toggle: () => void
    close: () => void
}

const SidebarContext = createContext<SidebarContextType | undefined>(undefined)

export function SidebarProvider({ children }: PropsWithChildren) {
    const [isOpen, setIsOpen] = useState(false)

    return (
        <SidebarContext.Provider value={{
            isOpen,
            toggle: () => setIsOpen(prev => !prev),
            close: () => setIsOpen(false),
        }}>
            {children}
        </SidebarContext.Provider>
    )
}

export function useSidebar() {
    const context = useContext(SidebarContext)
    if (!context) throw new Error('useSidebar must be used within SidebarProvider')
    return context
}

When to Use Zustand

For complex client-side state that needs to be accessed across deeply nested components without prop drilling or excessive Context nesting. Zustand is the recommended choice when you have:

Complex form builders with drag-and-drop
Real-time collaboration features
Spreadsheet-like data grids
Multi-step workflows with undo/redo

// resources/js/stores/useCartStore.ts
import { create } from 'zustand'

interface CartItem {
    product_id: number
    name: string
    price: number
    quantity: number
}

interface CartStore {
    items: CartItem[]
    addItem: (item: Omit<CartItem, 'quantity'>) => void
    removeItem: (productId: number) => void
    updateQuantity: (productId: number, quantity: number) => void
    total: () => number
    clear: () => void
}

export const useCartStore = create<CartStore>((set, get) => ({
    items: [],
    addItem: (item) =>
        set(state => {
            const existing = state.items.find(i => i.product_id === item.product_id)
            if (existing) {
                return {
                    items: state.items.map(i =>
                        i.product_id === item.product_id
                            ? { ...i, quantity: i.quantity + 1 }
                            : i
                    ),
                }
            }
            return { items: [...state.items, { ...item, quantity: 1 }] }
        }),
    removeItem: (productId) =>
        set(state => ({
            items: state.items.filter(i => i.product_id !== productId),
        })),
    updateQuantity: (productId, quantity) =>
        set(state => ({
            items: state.items.map(i =>
                i.product_id === productId ? { ...i, quantity } : i
            ),
        })),
    total: () =>
        get().items.reduce((sum, item) => sum + item.price * item.quantity, 0),
    clear: () => set({ items: [] }),
}))

Avoiding State Duplication with Server Data

Never duplicate server data (Inertia props) into local state unless you need to transform it for a specific interaction:

// BAD: duplicating server state
const [orders, setOrders] = useState(props.orders)
// This creates a stale copy that won't update on navigation

// GOOD: use props directly
export default function Index({ orders }: Props) {
    // orders always reflects the latest server data
    return <OrderTable orders={orders} />
}

// GOOD: derive data from props
export default function Index({ orders }: Props) {
    const activeOrders = useMemo(
        () => orders.data.filter(o => o.status !== 'cancelled'),
        [orders.data]
    )
    return <OrderTable orders={activeOrders} />
}

Component Organization

resources/js/
├── app.tsx                  # Inertia app initialization
├── ssr.tsx                  # SSR entry point
├── bootstrap.ts             # Axios, Echo setup
├── Pages/                   # Inertia pages (one per route)
│   ├── Auth/
│   │   ├── Login.tsx
│   │   ├── Register.tsx
│   │   └── ForgotPassword.tsx
│   ├── Dashboard.tsx
│   ├── Orders/
│   │   ├── Index.tsx
│   │   ├── Show.tsx
│   │   └── CreateEdit.tsx
│   └── Profile/
│       ├── Edit.tsx
│       └── Partials/
│           ├── UpdateProfileForm.tsx
│           └── DeleteUserForm.tsx
├── Layouts/                 # Persistent layouts
│   ├── AuthenticatedLayout.tsx
│   └── GuestLayout.tsx
├── Components/              # Reusable UI components
│   ├── ui/                  # Primitives (Button, Input, Modal)
│   │   ├── Button.tsx
│   │   ├── Input.tsx
│   │   ├── Modal.tsx
│   │   ├── Select.tsx
│   │   ├── Table.tsx
│   │   ├── Badge.tsx
│   │   ├── Alert.tsx
│   │   └── Pagination.tsx
│   ├── Orders/              # Domain-specific components
│   │   ├── OrderForm.tsx
│   │   ├── OrderTable.tsx
│   │   ├── OrderStatusBadge.tsx
│   │   └── OrderFiltersBar.tsx
│   ├── Navigation/
│   │   ├── Sidebar.tsx
│   │   ├── Header.tsx
│   │   └── Breadcrumbs.tsx
│   └── FlashMessages.tsx
├── hooks/                   # Custom React hooks
│   ├── useFilters.ts
│   ├── useConfirmation.ts
│   ├── useDebounce.ts
│   ├── useToast.ts
│   └── usePermissions.ts
├── lib/                     # Utilities
│   ├── cn.ts                # className merge utility
│   ├── formatDate.ts
│   └── formatCurrency.ts
├── types/                   # TypeScript type definitions
│   ├── index.d.ts           # Shared props, global types
│   ├── models.d.ts          # Model interfaces
│   └── global.d.ts          # Module declarations
└── stores/                  # Zustand stores (when needed)
    └── useCartStore.ts

Naming Conventions

Item	Convention	Example
Page components	PascalCase, match route	`Orders/Index.tsx`
UI components	PascalCase	`Button.tsx`
Hooks	camelCase, `use` prefix	`useFilters.ts`
Utilities	camelCase	`formatCurrency.ts`
Types	PascalCase interfaces	`Order`, `PaginatedData<T>`
Stores	camelCase, `use` prefix	`useCartStore.ts`

Server-Side Rendering (SSR)

When to Enable SSR

Enable SSR when:

SEO is important (public-facing pages, marketing pages)
First-paint performance is critical
Social media preview cards need server-rendered content

Skip SSR for:

Internal admin dashboards
Applications behind authentication
Real-time collaborative features

Setup

// resources/js/ssr.tsx
import { createInertiaApp } from '@inertiajs/react'
import createServer from '@inertiajs/react/server'
import ReactDOMServer from 'react-dom/server'
import { route } from 'ziggy-js'

createServer(page =>
    createInertiaApp({
        page,
        render: ReactDOMServer.renderToString,
        resolve: name => {
            const pages = import.meta.glob('./Pages/**/*.tsx', { eager: true })
            return pages[`./Pages/${name}.tsx`]
        },
        setup({ App, props }) {
            // @ts-expect-error Ziggy types
            global.route = (name, params, absolute) =>
                route(name, params, absolute, {
                    ...page.props.ziggy,
                    location: new URL(page.props.ziggy.location),
                })

            return <App {...props} />
        },
    })
)

Hydration Considerations

Ensure server and client render identical output to avoid hydration mismatches.
Avoid Date.now(), Math.random(), or browser-only APIs during initial render.
Use useEffect for client-only logic (it does not run during SSR).
Test both SSR and client rendering paths.

Performance

React.memo for Expensive Components

import { memo } from 'react'

interface OrderRowProps {
    order: Order
    onSelect: (id: number) => void
}

const OrderRow = memo(function OrderRow({ order, onSelect }: OrderRowProps) {
    return (
        <tr>
            <td>{order.id}</td>
            <td>{order.customer?.name}</td>
            <td><OrderStatusBadge status={order.status} /></td>
            <td>{formatCurrency(order.total)}</td>
            <td>
                <Button size="sm" onClick={() => onSelect(order.id)}>
                    View
                </Button>
            </td>
        </tr>
    )
})

export default OrderRow

useMemo and useCallback

export default function Index({ orders, filters }: Props) {
    // Memoize expensive computed values
    const orderStats = useMemo(() => ({
        total: orders.data.length,
        pending: orders.data.filter(o => o.status === 'pending').length,
        revenue: orders.data.reduce((sum, o) => sum + o.total, 0),
    }), [orders.data])

    // Stabilize callbacks passed to child components
    const handleSort = useCallback((column: string) => {
        router.get(route('orders.index'), {
            ...filters,
            sort_by: column,
            sort_direction: filters.sort_by === column && filters.sort_direction === 'asc'
                ? 'desc'
                : 'asc',
        }, {
            preserveState: true,
            preserveScroll: true,
        })
    }, [filters])

    return (
        <div>
            <OrderStatsCards stats={orderStats} />
            <OrderTable orders={orders} onSort={handleSort} />
        </div>
    )
}

Lazy Loading Pages

// resources/js/app.tsx
import { createInertiaApp } from '@inertiajs/react'
import { createRoot } from 'react-dom/client'
import { Suspense, lazy } from 'react'

createInertiaApp({
    resolve: name => {
        // Eager load common pages
        const eagerPages = import.meta.glob('./Pages/Dashboard.tsx', { eager: true })
        if (eagerPages[`./Pages/${name}.tsx`]) {
            return eagerPages[`./Pages/${name}.tsx`]
        }

        // Lazy load everything else
        const lazyPages = import.meta.glob('./Pages/**/*.tsx')
        return lazyPages[`./Pages/${name}.tsx`]()
    },
    setup({ el, App, props }) {
        createRoot(el).render(
            <Suspense fallback={<LoadingScreen />}>
                <App {...props} />
            </Suspense>
        )
    },
})

Image Optimization

// Use Vite's image optimization
import heroImage from '@/images/hero.jpg?w=800&format=webp'

// Responsive images with srcSet
function ResponsiveImage({ src, alt }: { src: string; alt: string }) {
    return (
        <picture>
            <source srcSet={`${src}?w=400&format=webp 400w, ${src}?w=800&format=webp 800w`} type="image/webp" />
            <img
                src={`${src}?w=800`}
                alt={alt}
                loading="lazy"
                className="h-auto w-full rounded-lg"
            />
        </picture>
    )
}

Bundle Size

Use dynamic imports for heavy libraries (chart.js, date-fns locales)
Tree-shake icon libraries (import specific icons, not entire sets)
Analyze bundle with npx vite-bundle-visualizer
Split vendor chunks in vite.config.ts:

// vite.config.ts
export default defineConfig({
    build: {
        rollupOptions: {
            output: {
                manualChunks: {
                    vendor: ['react', 'react-dom', '@inertiajs/react'],
                    ui: ['@headlessui/react', '@heroicons/react'],
                },
            },
        },
    },
})

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