Active Storage

Comprehensive guide to file uploads and cloud storage in Rails.

Setup

rails active_storage:install
rails db:migrate

This creates:

• active_storage_blobs - File metadata
• active_storage_attachments - Polymorphic join table
• active_storage_variant_records - Cached variant info

Model Configuration

Single Attachment

class User < ApplicationRecord
  has_one_attached :avatar
end

Multiple Attachments

class Article < ApplicationRecord
  has_many_attached :images
end

With Service Selection

class Document < ApplicationRecord
  has_one_attached :file, service: :amazon
end

With Variants

class User < ApplicationRecord
  has_one_attached :avatar do |attachable|
    attachable.variant :thumb, resize_to_limit: [100, 100]
    attachable.variant :medium, resize_to_limit: [300, 300]
  end
end

Attaching Files

From Form Upload

# Controller
def create
  @user = User.new(user_params)
  @user.save
end

def user_params
  params.require(:user).permit(:name, :avatar, images: [])
end

<%# Form %>
<%= form_with model: @user do |form| %>
  <%= form.file_field :avatar %>
  <%= form.file_field :images, multiple: true %>
  <%= form.submit %>
<% end %>

Programmatically

# From file
user.avatar.attach(io: File.open("/path/to/photo.jpg"), filename: "photo.jpg")

# From uploaded file
user.avatar.attach(params[:avatar])

# From URL (downloaded)
user.avatar.attach(
  io: URI.open("https://example.com/photo.jpg"),
  filename: "downloaded.jpg",
  content_type: "image/jpeg"
)

# From string content
user.avatar.attach(
  io: StringIO.new(pdf_content),
  filename: "document.pdf",
  content_type: "application/pdf"
)

Check Attachment Status

user.avatar.attached?  # true/false
user.images.attached?  # true/false
user.images.any?       # true/false
user.images.count      # number of attachments

Displaying Files

URLs

<%# Direct URL %>
<%= url_for(@user.avatar) %>

<%# Download URL %>
<%= rails_blob_path(@user.avatar, disposition: "attachment") %>

<%# Image tag %>
<%= image_tag @user.avatar %>

<%# With fallback %>
<%= image_tag(@user.avatar.attached? ? @user.avatar : "default_avatar.png") %>

Variants (Image Transformations)

<%# On-the-fly transformation %>
<%= image_tag @user.avatar.variant(resize_to_limit: [100, 100]) %>

<%# Named variant %>
<%= image_tag @user.avatar.variant(:thumb) %>

<%# Complex transformations %>
<%= image_tag @user.avatar.variant(
  resize_to_fill: [200, 200],
  format: :webp,
  saver: { quality: 80 }
) %>

Common Transformations

Method	Description
resize_to_limit: [w, h]	Resize to fit within bounds
resize_to_fill: [w, h]	Resize and crop to fill
resize_to_fit: [w, h]	Resize to fit exactly
resize_and_pad: [w, h]	Resize and pad to fill
crop: "100x100+10+10"	Crop specific area
rotate: 90	Rotate degrees
format: :webp	Convert format

Preview (PDFs, Videos)

<%# PDF preview (first page) %>
<%= image_tag @document.file.preview(resize_to_limit: [200, 200]) %>

<%# Video preview (frame) %>
<%= image_tag @article.video.preview(resize_to_limit: [300, 200]) %>

Direct Uploads

Setup

<%# Include JS %>
<%= javascript_include_tag "activestorage" %>

<%# Form with direct upload %>
<%= form_with model: @user do |form| %>
  <%= form.file_field :avatar, direct_upload: true %>
<% end %>

JavaScript Events

// Listen for upload events
addEventListener("direct-upload:initialize", event => {
  const { target, detail } = event
  const { id, file } = detail
  // Show upload UI
})

addEventListener("direct-upload:progress", event => {
  const { id, progress } = event.detail
  // Update progress bar
})

addEventListener("direct-upload:error", event => {
  const { id, error } = event.detail
  // Handle error
})

addEventListener("direct-uploads:end", event => {
  // All uploads complete
})

Storage Services

Configuration

# config/storage.yml
local:
  service: Disk
  root: <%= Rails.root.join("storage") %>

test:
  service: Disk
  root: <%= Rails.root.join("tmp/storage") %>

amazon:
  service: S3
  access_key_id: <%= Rails.application.credentials.dig(:aws, :access_key_id) %>
  secret_access_key: <%= Rails.application.credentials.dig(:aws, :secret_access_key) %>
  region: us-east-1
  bucket: my-app-<%= Rails.env %>

google:
  service: GCS
  project: my-project
  credentials: <%= Rails.root.join("path/to/keyfile.json") %>
  bucket: my-app-<%= Rails.env %>

azure:
  service: AzureStorage
  storage_account_name: myaccount
  storage_access_key: <%= Rails.application.credentials.dig(:azure, :storage_access_key) %>
  container: my-container

mirror:
  service: Mirror
  primary: amazon
  mirrors: [ google, azure ]

Environment Selection

# config/environments/development.rb
config.active_storage.service = :local

# config/environments/production.rb
config.active_storage.service = :amazon

Public Files

# config/storage.yml
amazon_public:
  service: S3
  access_key_id: <%= Rails.application.credentials.dig(:aws, :access_key_id) %>
  secret_access_key: <%= Rails.application.credentials.dig(:aws, :secret_access_key) %>
  region: us-east-1
  bucket: my-public-bucket
  public: true

class Article < ApplicationRecord
  has_many_attached :images, service: :amazon_public
end

Validations

Using active_storage_validations Gem

# Gemfile
gem "active_storage_validations"

# Model
class User < ApplicationRecord
  has_one_attached :avatar

  validates :avatar,
    attached: true,
    content_type: ["image/png", "image/jpeg"],
    size: { less_than: 5.megabytes }
end

class Article < ApplicationRecord
  has_many_attached :images

  validates :images,
    content_type: /\Aimage\/.*\z/,
    size: { less_than: 10.megabytes },
    limit: { max: 10 }
end

Custom Validation

class User < ApplicationRecord
  has_one_attached :avatar

  validate :acceptable_avatar

  private

  def acceptable_avatar
    return unless avatar.attached?

    unless avatar.blob.byte_size <= 5.megabyte
      errors.add(:avatar, "is too large (max 5MB)")
    end

    acceptable_types = ["image/jpeg", "image/png", "image/gif"]
    unless acceptable_types.include?(avatar.content_type)
      errors.add(:avatar, "must be JPEG, PNG, or GIF")
    end
  end
end

Downloading and Processing

# Download content
binary = user.avatar.download

# Open as tempfile
user.avatar.open do |file|
  # file is a Tempfile
  ImageProcessor.process(file.path)
end

# Access metadata
user.avatar.blob.byte_size
user.avatar.blob.content_type
user.avatar.blob.filename
user.avatar.blob.created_at

Removing Attachments

# Remove single attachment
user.avatar.purge        # Sync
user.avatar.purge_later  # Async (recommended)

# Remove specific from many
user.images.find(attachment_id).purge_later

# Remove all
user.images.purge_later

Eager Loading

# Avoid N+1 queries
@users = User.with_attached_avatar
@articles = Article.with_attached_images

# Named scope automatically created
User.with_attached_avatar.where(active: true)

Testing

# test/models/user_test.rb
require "test_helper"

class UserTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
  test "can attach avatar" do
    user = users(:one)

    user.avatar.attach(
      io: file_fixture("avatar.png").open,
      filename: "avatar.png",
      content_type: "image/png"
    )

    assert user.avatar.attached?
  end
end

# RSpec
RSpec.describe User, type: :model do
  it "attaches avatar" do
    user = create(:user)
    user.avatar.attach(
      io: File.open(Rails.root.join("spec/fixtures/files/avatar.png")),
      filename: "avatar.png"
    )

    expect(user.avatar).to be_attached
  end
end