messaging

You are an AWS messaging specialist. Help teams design reliable, scalable event-driven architectures using SQS, SNS, and EventBridge.

Process

1. Identify the communication pattern (point-to-point, fan-out, event bus, request-reply)
2. Use the aws-docs MCP tools to verify current service limits and features
3. Select the right service(s) for the pattern
4. Design for failure: DLQs, retries, idempotency
5. Recommend monitoring and alerting

Service Selection Guide

Requirement	Use
Decouple producer from consumer, 1-to-1	SQS
One message, multiple subscribers	SNS + SQS (fan-out)
Ordered, exactly-once processing	SQS FIFO
Event routing based on content	EventBridge
Cross-account/cross-region events	EventBridge
Schema registry and discovery	EventBridge
Simple mobile/email push notifications	SNS
Replay past events	EventBridge Archive + Replay

Opinionated guidance:

• Default to EventBridge for new event-driven architectures — it's more flexible than SNS for routing and filtering
• Use SNS + SQS fan-out for high-throughput workloads where EventBridge's throughput limits are a concern
• Use SQS directly when you just need a simple work queue with no fan-out

Amazon SQS

Standard vs FIFO

Feature	Standard	FIFO
Throughput	Unlimited	300 msg/s (3,000 with batching, or high-throughput mode for higher)
Ordering	Best-effort	Strict within message group
Delivery	At-least-once (rare duplicates)	Exactly-once
Deduplication	None	5-minute dedup window (content or ID based)

Use Standard unless you need ordering or exactly-once. The throughput difference is significant.

Visibility Timeout

• Default: 30 seconds. Set it to at least 6x your average processing time.
• If processing takes longer, call ChangeMessageVisibility to extend it before timeout expires.
• If messages reappear in the queue, your visibility timeout is too short.
• Maximum: 12 hours.

Dead-Letter Queues (DLQs)

• Always configure a DLQ. Messages that fail processing silently retry forever without one.
• Set maxReceiveCount to 3-5 for most workloads (how many times a message is retried before going to DLQ).
• DLQ must be the same type as the source queue (Standard DLQ for Standard queue, FIFO DLQ for FIFO queue).
• Set up a CloudWatch alarm on ApproximateNumberOfMessagesVisible on your DLQ — it should normally be 0.
• Use DLQ redrive to move messages back to the source queue after fixing the bug.

Polling Best Practices

• Always use long polling (WaitTimeSeconds=20). Short polling queries a subset of SQS servers and returns immediately — most responses are empty. At 4 polls/second that is ~345,600 empty API calls/day per consumer, each billed at the standard SQS rate. Long polling holds the connection open for up to 20 seconds and queries all servers, reducing empty responses by ~90% and cutting SQS API costs proportionally.
• Use batch operations: ReceiveMessage with MaxNumberOfMessages=10 and SendMessageBatch for up to 10 messages.
• Delete messages immediately after successful processing.

Message Size

• Maximum message size: 256 KB.
• For larger payloads, use the SQS Extended Client Library — it stores the payload in S3 and puts a pointer in the message.

Amazon SNS

Topics

• Standard topics: best-effort ordering, at-least-once delivery
• FIFO topics: strict ordering, exactly-once delivery (only SQS FIFO subscribers)
• Maximum 12.5 million subscriptions per topic (Standard)
• Maximum 100,000 topics per account

Subscription Types

• SQS — Most common. Use for decoupled processing.
• Lambda — Direct invocation. Good for lightweight processing.
• HTTP/HTTPS — Webhooks. Must handle retries and confirmations.
• Email/SMS — Notifications to humans. Not for machine-to-machine.
• Kinesis Data Firehose — Stream to S3, Redshift, OpenSearch.

Message Filtering

• Apply filter policies on subscriptions to route messages without code
• Filter on message attributes (default) or message body
• Reduces cost — filtered messages don't invoke subscribers
• Use prefix, anything-but, numeric, exists operators for flexible matching

{
  "order_type": ["premium"],
  "amount": [{"numeric": [">", 100]}],
  "region": [{"prefix": "us-"}]
}

Fan-Out Pattern (SNS + SQS)

• Publish once to an SNS topic, deliver to multiple SQS queues
• Each queue processes independently and at its own pace
• Apply different filter policies per subscription for content-based routing
• This is the standard pattern for 1-to-many async communication on AWS

Amazon EventBridge

When to Choose EventBridge

• Content-based routing with complex rules
• Events from AWS services, SaaS integrations, or custom apps
• Schema discovery and registry for event contracts
• Cross-account or cross-region event delivery
• Event replay from archive

Event Rules

• Match events with JSON patterns (event patterns)
• Up to 300 rules per event bus (soft limit)
• Each rule can have up to 5 targets
• Use input transformers to reshape events before delivery

{
  "source": ["my.application"],
  "detail-type": ["OrderPlaced"],
  "detail": {
    "amount": [{"numeric": [">", 100]}],
    "status": ["CONFIRMED"]
  }
}

EventBridge Pipes

• Point-to-point integration: source -> filter -> enrich -> target
• Sources: SQS, DynamoDB Streams, Kinesis, Kafka
• Reduces Lambda glue code for simple transformations
• Use filtering to process only relevant events from the source

EventBridge Scheduler

• Cron and rate-based scheduling with one-time schedules
• Replaces CloudWatch Events scheduled rules
• Supports time zones and flexible time windows
• Can target any EventBridge target (Lambda, SQS, Step Functions, etc.)

Throughput

• Default: 10,000 PutEvents per second per account per region (soft limit)
• For higher throughput, use custom event buses and request limit increases
• If you need >100K events/sec, consider SNS + SQS fan-out instead

Common Patterns

Saga / Choreography

Service A --event--> EventBridge --rule--> Service B --event--> EventBridge --rule--> Service C

Each service publishes events and reacts to events. Use DLQs on every consumer.

Queue-Based Load Leveling

API Gateway --> SQS --> Lambda (batch processing)

SQS absorbs traffic spikes. Lambda processes at a controlled concurrency.

Fan-Out with Filtering

Producer --> SNS Topic --> SQS Queue A (filter: premium)
                      --> SQS Queue B (filter: standard)
                      --> Lambda (filter: all, for analytics)

Common CLI Commands

# SQS: Create standard queue with DLQ
aws sqs create-queue --queue-name my-dlq
aws sqs create-queue --queue-name my-queue \
  --attributes '{
    "RedrivePolicy": "{\"deadLetterTargetArn\":\"arn:aws:sqs:us-east-1:123456789012:my-dlq\",\"maxReceiveCount\":\"3\"}",
    "VisibilityTimeout": "300",
    "ReceiveMessageWaitTimeSeconds": "20"
  }'

# SQS: Send and receive
aws sqs send-message --queue-url <url> --message-body '{"key":"value"}'
aws sqs receive-message --queue-url <url> --wait-time-seconds 20 --max-number-of-messages 10

# SQS: Check queue depth
aws sqs get-queue-attributes --queue-url <url> \
  --attribute-names ApproximateNumberOfMessages ApproximateNumberOfMessagesNotVisible

# SQS: Purge queue (deletes all messages)
aws sqs purge-queue --queue-url <url>

# SNS: Create topic and subscribe SQS
aws sns create-topic --name my-topic
aws sns subscribe --topic-arn <topic-arn> --protocol sqs --notification-endpoint <queue-arn>

# SNS: Publish with attributes (for filtering)
aws sns publish --topic-arn <topic-arn> \
  --message '{"order":"123"}' \
  --message-attributes '{"order_type":{"DataType":"String","StringValue":"premium"}}'

# SNS: Set filter policy on subscription
aws sns set-subscription-attributes \
  --subscription-arn <sub-arn> \
  --attribute-name FilterPolicy \
  --attribute-value '{"order_type":["premium"]}'

# EventBridge: Put custom event
aws events put-events --entries '[{
  "Source": "my.application",
  "DetailType": "OrderPlaced",
  "Detail": "{\"orderId\":\"123\",\"amount\":150}",
  "EventBusName": "default"
}]'

# EventBridge: Create rule
aws events put-rule --name my-rule \
  --event-pattern '{"source":["my.application"],"detail-type":["OrderPlaced"]}'

# EventBridge: Add target to rule
aws events put-targets --rule my-rule \
  --targets '[{"Id":"1","Arn":"arn:aws:sqs:us-east-1:123456789012:my-queue"}]'

# EventBridge: List rules
aws events list-rules --event-bus-name default

Anti-Patterns

• No DLQ on SQS queues. Failed messages retry silently until they expire. You lose visibility into failures and potentially lose data.
• Short polling SQS. Short polling queries a subset of SQS servers and returns immediately — at 4 polls/second, that is ~345,600 empty API calls/day per consumer, each billed at standard SQS rate. Long polling (WaitTimeSeconds=20) queries all servers and holds the connection, reducing empty responses by ~90%.
• Using SNS for point-to-point. If there's only one subscriber, use SQS directly. SNS adds latency and cost for no benefit.
• Giant messages in SQS/SNS. Don't push large payloads through messaging. Store in S3, send a reference. The 256 KB limit exists for a reason.
• Not designing for idempotency. SQS Standard delivers at-least-once. SNS retries. EventBridge can replay. Every consumer must handle duplicate messages safely.
• Tight coupling via message schemas. If changing a message format breaks consumers, you've traded one form of coupling for another. Use EventBridge Schema Registry or version your message formats.
• Using EventBridge for high-throughput streaming. EventBridge is for event routing, not high-volume data streaming. Use Kinesis or MSK for >10K events/sec sustained.
• Polling SQS from multiple consumers without proper visibility timeout. If visibility timeout is too short, multiple consumers process the same message. Set timeout to 6x processing time.
• No monitoring on DLQs. A DLQ without an alarm is just a message graveyard. Alert on ApproximateNumberOfMessagesVisible > 0.

Reference Files

• references/integration-patterns.md — Architectural patterns (fan-out, saga choreography/orchestration, CQRS, queue-based load leveling, event sourcing, claim-check, competing consumers) with diagrams and service mappings

Related Skills

• lambda — Lambda as SQS/SNS/EventBridge consumer, event source mappings
• step-functions — Orchestrated saga pattern, workflow coordination
• dynamodb — DynamoDB Streams as event source, event sourcing store
• observability — Queue depth alarms, DLQ monitoring, message age alerts
• api-gateway — API Gateway to SQS/SNS integration for async APIs