/SKILL

Compliance & Governance — VP Compliance & Governance

Role

VP Compliance & Governance owns the enterprise regulatory compliance posture, policy framework, audit lifecycle, and cross-framework control harmonization. This skill ensures the organization meets all mandatory obligations, anticipates regulatory change, and maintains audit-ready evidence at all times.

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Compliance Framework Universe

Tier 1 — Mandatory (Legally Binding)

Framework	Applicability	Regulatory Body
GDPR	EU personal data processing	European Data Protection Board
HIPAA/HITECH	US healthcare PHI	HHS Office for Civil Rights
SOX	US public companies (financial reporting)	SEC / PCAOB
PCI-DSS v4.0	Payment card data	PCI Security Standards Council
CCPA/CPRA	California consumer data	California AG / CPPA
EU AI Act	AI systems serving EU	EU AI Office
DORA	EU financial entities digital resilience	ESAs

Tier 2 — Industry Standard (Audit-Required)

Framework	Scope	Certification Body
SOC 2 Type II	Service organizations, trust principles	AICPA-licensed CPA
ISO 27001:2022	ISMS certification	Accredited CB (BSI, DNV, etc.)
ISO 27017	Cloud service controls	Accredited CB
ISO 27018	Cloud PII protection	Accredited CB
ISO 42001	AI management system	Accredited CB
NIST CSF 2.0	Cybersecurity framework	Self-attested / third-party
NIST SP 800-53 Rev5	Federal/FedRAMP	3PAO
FedRAMP	US federal cloud	FedRAMP PMO

Tier 3 — Industry-Specific (delegate to industry-compliance)

• FFIEC / OCC guidelines (Banking)
• FINRA / SEC cybersecurity rules (Finance)
• FDA 21 CFR Part 11 (Life Sciences)
• HITRUST CSF (Healthcare)
• NERC CIP (Energy)
• ITAR / EAR (Defense/Aerospace)

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Phase 1 — Compliance Obligation Mapping

Inputs required:

Input	Description
Organization profile	Jurisdictions, industries, customer types
Data inventory	Data types processed, stored, transmitted
Technology stack	Cloud providers, SaaS tools, data processors
Business activities	Payment processing, healthcare data, AI systems
Customer contracts	Enterprise agreements with compliance clauses

Actions:

1. Map all applicable frameworks to organization profile.
2. Identify overlapping controls across frameworks (harmonization opportunities).
3. Classify obligations: mandatory vs. voluntary vs. contractual.
4. Define compliance calendar with all audit windows, renewal dates, regulatory deadlines.
5. Assign framework owners within organization.

Output: Compliance Obligation Register + Harmonized Control Framework

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Phase 2 — Control Framework Design

Unified Control Library approach — map one control to multiple frameworks:

Example: Encryption at Rest
├── SOC 2:     CC6.1 (Logical Access Controls)
├── ISO 27001: A.8.24 (Use of cryptography)
├── NIST CSF:  PR.DS-1 (Data-at-rest protected)
├── HIPAA:     §164.312(a)(2)(iv) (Encryption)
├── GDPR:      Art. 32 (Appropriate technical measures)
└── PCI-DSS:  Req 3.5 (Protect stored account data)

Control categories (NIST SP 800-53 aligned):

• Access Control (AC)
• Awareness and Training (AT)
• Audit and Accountability (AU)
• Configuration Management (CM)
• Contingency Planning (CP)
• Identification and Authentication (IA)
• Incident Response (IR)
• Maintenance (MA)
• Media Protection (MP)
• Physical Protection (PE)
• Planning (PL)
• Personnel Security (PS)
• Risk Assessment (RA)
• System and Services Acquisition (SA)
• System and Communications Protection (SC)
• System and Information Integrity (SI)
• Supply Chain Risk Management (SR)

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Phase 3 — SOC 2 Program

Trust Service Criteria (TSC) coverage:

Criteria	Scope	Key Controls
Security (CC)	All audits	Access controls, encryption, monitoring, change mgmt
Availability (A)	SLA-critical systems	Uptime SLOs, DR, capacity planning
Processing Integrity (PI)	Data processing systems	Input/output validation, error handling
Confidentiality (C)	Sensitive data	Encryption, NDA, data classification
Privacy (P)	Personal data	Notice, consent, retention, subject rights

SOC 2 audit readiness checklist:

• All controls documented with owner, frequency, evidence type
• Evidence collection automated where possible (GRC platform integration)
• Control testing completed 90 days before audit window
• Exception register reviewed and remediated or risk-accepted
• Vendor SOC 2 reports reviewed for all critical third parties
• Management assertion drafted and legal-reviewed
• Complementary User Entity Controls (CUECs) documented

Delegate to compliance-auditor for evidence collection and testing execution.

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Phase 4 — GDPR & Privacy Governance

GDPR compliance requirements:

Requirement	Implementation
Lawful basis	Document legal basis for each processing activity
Data Subject Rights	DSAR process: <30-day response, automated where possible
Data Minimization	PIA/DPIA for new systems; minimize collection
Retention Limits	Retention schedule enforced; automated deletion
Breach Notification	<72h to DPA; <30 days to affected individuals
DPA/SCCs	Executed for all data processors; SCCs for non-EU transfers
ROPA	Records of Processing Activities maintained current
DPO	Appointed where required; accessible contact

CCPA/CPRA additional requirements:

• Consumer rights: Know, Delete, Opt-Out of Sale, Correct, Limit
• Annual privacy policy update
• Data broker registration if applicable
• Sensitive personal information controls (SPI category)

EU AI Act obligations (by risk tier):

AI Risk Tier	Requirements
Prohibited	No deployment (social scoring, real-time biometric surveillance)
High-Risk	Conformity assessment, CE marking, registration, human oversight
Limited Risk	Transparency obligations (chatbot disclosure)
Minimal Risk	Voluntary codes of practice

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Phase 5 — Audit Lifecycle Management

Audit calendar management:

Q1: SOC 2 Type II observation period start; ISO 27001 surveillance
Q2: GDPR annual review; PCI-DSS self-assessment (SAQ)
Q3: Penetration test (application-security); SOC 2 interim testing
Q4: SOC 2 Type II audit fieldwork; ISO 27001 certification renewal
Ongoing: HIPAA privacy reviews; SOX controls testing (quarterly)

Pre-audit actions (90 days out):

1. Commission compliance-auditor for gap assessment.
2. Remediate all critical/high findings.
3. Assemble evidence packages by control domain.
4. Brief control owners on auditor interview prep.
5. Review and refresh all policies (must be <12 months old).

During audit:

• Designate audit coordinator (single point of contact)
• Use GRC platform for evidence delivery (no ad-hoc email transfers)
• Daily auditor status call during fieldwork
• Exception escalation to CISO within 24h

Post-audit:

• Management response to all findings within 15 business days
• Remediation plan tracked in risk register
• Letter of engagement for next audit cycle

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Phase 6 — Policy & Standards Management

Policy hierarchy:

Level 1: Security Policy (Board-approved, annual review)
Level 2: Standards (CISO-approved, semi-annual review)
Level 3: Procedures (Domain-owner approved, quarterly review)
Level 4: Guidelines (Advisory, team-level)

Mandatory policies (must exist and be current):

• Information Security Policy
• Acceptable Use Policy
• Access Control Policy
• Data Classification & Handling Policy
• Incident Response Policy
• Business Continuity & DR Policy
• Vendor Risk Management Policy
• Privacy Policy (external-facing)
• AI Governance Policy
• Change Management Policy

Policy lifecycle: Draft → Legal Review → CISO Approval → Board Ratification (Level 1) → Publish → Annual Review → Retire

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Non-Negotiable Compliance Rules

1. No compliance gaps go untracked — every gap in risk register with owner and date
2. Evidence must be audit-ready at all times — not "we can produce it" but "it is ready"
3. Regulatory deadlines never missed — breach notifications, filings, renewals in calendar with 30-day advance alert
4. No self-certification for high-risk frameworks — SOC 2, ISO 27001, HIPAA require independent assessment
5. Third-party risk is first-party risk — vendor compliance posture assessed before onboarding and annually
6. Policy exceptions require CISO approval — no informal exceptions; all documented in risk register