IPSW - Apple Reverse Engineering Toolkit

The ipsw CLI tool provides comprehensive capabilities for Apple firmware and binary analysis: downloading firmware, extracting components, disassembling code, dumping ObjC headers, and analyzing entitlements.

Installation: brew install blacktop/tap/ipsw

Quick Reference

Task	Command
Disassemble DSC function	ipsw dyld disass <DSC> --symbol <SYM>
Dump ObjC headers	ipsw class-dump <DSC> <DYLIB> --headers -o ./headers/
Download IPSW	ipsw download ipsw --device <ID> --latest
Extract kernel	ipsw extract --kernel <IPSW>
Get entitlements	ipsw macho info --ent <BINARY>
List KEXTs	ipsw kernel kexts <KERNELCACHE>
Symbol lookup	ipsw dyld symaddr <DSC> <SYMBOL>

Core Workflows

1. Analyze System dyld_shared_cache

# macOS DSC location
DSC="/System/Volumes/Preboot/Cryptexes/OS/System/Library/dyld/dyld_shared_cache_arm64e"

# List all dylibs
ipsw dyld info --dylibs $DSC

# Find symbol address
ipsw dyld symaddr $DSC _objc_msgSend

# Disassemble function
ipsw dyld disass $DSC --symbol _NSLog --image Foundation

# Dump ObjC class
ipsw class-dump $DSC Security --class SecKey

See references/dyld.md for complete DSC commands.

2. Dump Private Framework Headers

# Extract from system DSC
ipsw class-dump $DSC SpringBoardServices --headers --output ./headers/

# Filter specific classes
ipsw class-dump $DSC UIKit --class 'UIApplication.*' --headers -o ./headers/

# Include addresses for hooking
ipsw class-dump $DSC Security --re

See references/class-dump.md for filtering and output options.

3. Download and Extract Firmware

# Download latest IPSW with kernel
ipsw download ipsw --device iPhone16,1 --latest --kernel

# Extract dyld_shared_cache
ipsw extract --dyld --dyld-arch arm64e iPhone16,1_18.0_Restore.ipsw

# Remote extraction (no full download)
ipsw extract --kernel --remote https://cdn.apple.com/path/to/ipsw

See references/download.md for download options and device identifiers.

4. Kernel & KEXT Analysis

# List kernel extensions
ipsw kernel kexts kernelcache.release.iPhone16,1

# Extract specific KEXT
ipsw kernel extract kernelcache sandbox --output ./kexts/

# Dump syscalls
ipsw kernel syscall kernelcache

# Compare KEXTs between versions
ipsw kernel kexts --diff kernelcache_17.0 kernelcache_17.1

See references/kernel.md for KEXT extraction and kernel analysis.

5. Mach-O Binary Analysis

# Full binary info
ipsw macho info /path/to/binary

# Disassemble function
ipsw macho disass /path/to/binary --symbol _main

# Get entitlements
ipsw macho info --ent /path/to/binary

# Code signature
ipsw macho info --sig /path/to/binary

See references/macho.md for complete Mach-O commands.

6. Entitlements Research

# Single binary
ipsw macho info --ent /path/to/binary

# Build searchable database
ipsw ent --sqlite ent.db --ipsw *.ipsw

# Find platform binaries
ipsw ent --sqlite ent.db --key platform-application

# Find sandbox escapes
ipsw ent --sqlite ent.db --key "com.apple.private.security.no-sandbox"

See references/entitlements.md for database queries and common entitlements.

Common Research Scenarios

Find Attack Surface in Framework

# 1. Dump headers to understand interface
ipsw class-dump $DSC TargetFramework --headers -o ./headers/

# 2. Find interesting classes
ipsw class-dump $DSC TargetFramework --class '.*Handler.*'

# 3. Disassemble specific method
ipsw dyld disass $DSC --symbol '-[TargetClass handleInput:]' --image TargetFramework

Analyze Security Daemon

# 1. Get entitlements
ipsw macho info --ent /usr/libexec/securityd

# 2. Dump ObjC interface
ipsw class-dump /usr/libexec/securityd

# 3. Find Mach services
ipsw macho info --objc /usr/libexec/securityd | grep -i service

Track Changes Between iOS Versions

# Download both versions
ipsw download ipsw --device iPhone16,1 --version 17.0 --kernel --dyld
ipsw download ipsw --device iPhone16,1 --version 17.1 --kernel --dyld

# Compare KEXTs
ipsw kernel kexts --diff kernelcache_17.0 kernelcache_17.1

# Compare class interface
ipsw class-dump dsc_17.0 UIKit --class UIApplication > v17.0.h
ipsw class-dump dsc_17.1 UIKit --class UIApplication > v17.1.h
diff v17.0.h v17.1.h

Find Binaries with Specific Capability

# Build entitlements database
ipsw ent --sqlite ent.db --ipsw iOS18.ipsw

# Find TCC managers
ipsw ent --sqlite ent.db --key "com.apple.private.tcc.manager"

# Find kernel capabilities
ipsw ent --sqlite ent.db --key "com.apple.developer.kernel"

Reference Files

• references/dyld.md - dyld_shared_cache analysis
• references/macho.md - Mach-O binary analysis
• references/kernel.md - Kernel and KEXT analysis
• references/download.md - Firmware download and extraction
• references/class-dump.md - ObjC header dumping
• references/entitlements.md - Entitlements analysis

Tips

1. Symbol caching: First DSC symbol lookup creates .a2s cache - subsequent lookups are 10x faster
2. Use --image flag: Specifying dylib dramatically speeds up DSC operations
3. Remote extraction: Extract kernel/DSC from URL without full IPSW download
4. JSON output: Most commands support --json for scripting
5. Device IDs: Use ipsw device-list to find device identifiers